To enable students understand fundamental forces acting in electrical measuring instruments, and the construction, working & applications of the whole range of measuring instruments. This range includes special purpose and electronic instruments. This course also provides information on measuring bridges in common use.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS                                                     6 Hrs.
1.1. Absolute instruments.
1.2 Secondary instruments.
1.3 Indicating instruments.
1.4 Recording instruments.
1.5 Integrating instruments.
1.6 Digital instruments.
1.7 Analog instruments.

2. EFFECTS UTILIZED IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
2.1 Magnetic effect.
2.2. Heating effect
2.3 Chemical effect.
2.4 Electrostatic effect.
2.5 Electromagnetic effect.

3. FORCES ACTING IN AN INSTRUMENT
3.1 Deflecting force.
3.2 Controlling force.
3.3 Damping force.

4. TANGENT GALVANOMETER
4.1 Theory of Tangent galvanometer.
4.2 Parts of tangent galvanometer.

5. DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDICATING AND RECORDING INSTRUMENT
5.1 Construction, distinction.
5.2 Working distinction

6. DEFLECTING FORCE ACTING IN THE INSTRUMENT 6 Hrs.
6.1 Calculation of Force/Torques.

7. CONTROLLING/RESTORING FORCES
7.1 Gravity control.
7.2 Spring control

8. DAMPING FORCES AND THEIR NECESSITY
8.1 Air damping.
8.2 Fluid damping.
8.3 Eddy current damping.

9. BALANCING OF MOVING PARTS
9.1 Torque/weight ratio calculation.
9.2 Balancing weight.

10. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF ANALOG INSTRUMENT
10.1 Construction of scales.
10.2 Reading of scales.
10.3 Types of Pointer and methods of their mounting.
10.4 Types of springs.
10.5 Mounting of springs.
10.6 Types of bearings and their role in an instrument.
10.7 Types of casing of an instrument.

11. PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL INSTRUMENT                   3 Hrs.
11.1 Working Principle.
11.2 Construction.
11.3 Application.

12. SHUNTS                                                                                             8 Hrs.
12.1 Construction of shunts purpose.
12.2 Calculation and application.
12.3 Material used for shunts.

13. MULTIPLIER
13.1 Purpose of multiplier and calculations.
13.2 Construction
13.3 Material used for multipliers.

14. MOVING IRON ATTRACTION TYPE INSTRUMENT
14.1 Working principle.
14.2 Construction
14.3 Application

15. MOVING IRON REPULSION TYPE INSTRUMENT
15.1 Working principle.
15.2 Construction
15.3 Application.

16. ERRORS IN AM-METERS AND VOLTMETERS
16.1 Causes of error.
16.2 Removing error.
16.3 Calibration.

17. BI METALLIC TYPE INSTRUMENT                                                6 Hrs.

17.1 Working principle.
17.2 Construction
17.3 Application.

18. THERMOCOUPLE TYPE INSTRUMENT
18.1 Types of Thermocouples.
18.2 Working principle.
18.3 Application.

19. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
19.1 Types (resistance, thermocouple, Radiation Pyrometers).
19.2 Working principle.
19.3 Application.

20. MOVING COIL DYNAMOMETER INSTRUMENT
20.1 Working Principles.
20.2 Construction as Am-meter
20.3 Construction as Voltmeter.
20.4 Construction as Wattmeter.
20.5 Errors and their remedies.
20.6 Advantages and disadvantages over other types.

21. SHADED POLE TYPE INSTRUMENT                                          2 Hrs.
21.1 Working Principle
21.2 Construction.
21.3 Application.
22. ENERGY METER SINGLE PHASE                                             9 Hrs.
22.1 Types.
22.2 Construction of single phase Energy meter (induction type).
22.3 Working Principle.
22.4 Types of scales in use and reading the scale.
22.5 Errors in energy meter.
22.6 Calibration of Energy meter.

23. THREE PHASE ENERGY METER
23.1 Construction of induction type.
23.2 Working Principle.
23.3 Application.

24. MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR
24.1 Construction.
24.2 Working Principle.
24.3 Application & reading.

25. OHM METER
25.1 Working Principle.
25.2 Construction.

25.3 Application.
26. A.V.O. METER
26.1 Construction.
26.2 Scale reading.
26.3 Application.

27. MEAGER (INSULATION TESTER)
27.1 Working principle.
27.2 Construction.
27.3 Application.

28. EARTH RESISTANCE TESTER
28.1 Constructions.
28.2 Operations.
28.3 Application.

29. RESISTANCE MEASURING BRIDGES (WHEAT STONE & KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE)
29.1 Construction.
29.2 Working Principle.
29.3 Uses.

30. MURRAY LOOP TEST
30.1 Working Principle.
30.2 Application.

31. BLAVIER & EARTH LOOP TEST
31.1 Working principle.
31.2 Application.

32. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS                                                   10 Hrs.
32.1 Types (C.T & P.T).
32.2 Working and advantages.
32.3 Vector diagram.
32.4 Theory of C.T & P.T
32.5 Phase angle.
32.6 Standard ratios, rating, burden.
32.7 Error reducing methods.

33. POWER FACTOR METERS
33.1 Types according to supply.
33.2 Types according to construction.
33.3 Working principle of each.

34. DIGITAL METERS                                                                            8 Hrs.
34.1 Types.
34.2 Uses.
34.3 Explanation with the aid of block

35. F.E.T & TRANSISTOR VOLTMETER 6 Hrs.
35.1 Working (Block diagram).
35.2 Application.

36. OSCILLOSCOPE
36.1 Types
36.2 Construction.
36.3 Operation.

37. SIGNAL GENERATORS                                                                  4 Hrs.
37.1 Types (AF & RF)
37.2 Working Principle.
37.3 Construction.
37.4 Application.

38. MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE & INDUCTANCE
38.1 Measuring Inductance
38.2 Measuring Capacitance.

39. FREQUENCY METER
39.1 Types (Resonance and Weston, Digital).
39.2 Construction.
39.3 Working Principle.
39.4 Application.

40. LUX METERS
40.1 Types.
40.2 Working principle.
40.3 Applications.

41. SYNCHRONOSCOPES
41.1 Types.
41.2 Construction.
41.3 Working principle.
41.4 Uses.

42. TACHOMETERS                                                                            6 Hrs.
42.1 Types (Mechanical-Electrical & Electronic).
42.2 Construction.
42.3 Application